Depression Anxiety Stress Scales

DASS är ett självskattnings instrument som mäter depression, ångest och stress under den senaste veckan. Den skiljer mellan ångest och spänning/stress. Varje skala består av 14 frågor som grupperas till mindre subskalor. Depressionskalan består av 7 subskalor; ångeskalan består av 5 subskalor; Stresskalan består av 5 subskalor. Respondenterna bedömer på en fyrgradig likert-liknande skala hur mycket varje påstående gäller för dem under den senaste veckan. En kort version av skalan med 21 frågor är också tillgänglig DASS21.

Finns minst två versioner: 21 respektive 42 frågor (21 frågor är numera vanligast).

0 = Stämde inte alls på mig. 1 = Stämde på mig ibland eller en del av tiden. 2 = Stämde på mig ganska mycket, eller en stor del av tiden. 3 = Stämde väldigt bra på mig, eller nästan hela tiden.

3 (D=depression, A=ångest, S=stress)

21 item versionen:
Fråga 1=Stress, 2=Anxiety, 3=Depression, 4=A, 5=D, 6=S, 7=A, 8=S, 9=A, 10=D, 11=S, 12=S, 13=D, 14=S, 15=A, 16=D, 17=D, 18=S, 19=A, 20=A, 21=D.

42 item versionen:
Depression (D) består av frågorna 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 37, 38, och 42; Ångest (A) består av frågorna 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, 36, 40, och 41; Stress (S) består av frågorna 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, och 39. DASS21 består av frågorna i följande ordning som de är förtecknade här 22, 2, 3, 4, 42, 6, 41, 12, 40, 10, 39, 8, 26, 35, 28, 31, 17, 18, 25, 20, och 38 (laddar på samma tre skalor som i DASS).

Den senaste veckan.

5-10 minuter

Vänligen läs varje påstående och ringa in den siffra av 0, 1, 2 eller 3 som bäst beskriver hur påståendet
stämmer in på dig för den senaste veckan. Det finns inga svar som är rätt eller fel. Spendera inte för
mycket tid på något påstående.

Ångestskalan (rs = 0.81-0.84).
Depressionsskalan (rs 0.74-0.79).
Skalorna visade sig vara stabila under en period av 3-8 år.

αs från 0.81-0.91 (student population), αs från 0.88-0.96 (klinisk sample).
DASS21, αs 0.87-0.94 ( i en klinisk sample).

Om resultat är 0-9 (D), 0-7 (A), 0-14 (S) så anses det normalt. Är resultatet 10 -13 (D), 8-9 (A), och 15-18 (S) så anses det vara lidrigt. Är resultatet 14-20 (D), 10-14 (A), och 19-25 (S) anses det vara Moderat. är resultatet 21-27 (D), 15-19 (A), och 26-33 (S) så anses det vara svår. Ligger resultatet på 28+ (D), 20+ (A) och 34+ (S) så anses det vara extremt svår.
Icke klinisk sample: depression 6.34 (SD = 6.97); Ångest, 4.70 (SD = 4.91); och stress 10.11 (SD = 7.91). Kön- och ålderspecifika normer också rapporteras i manualen. Medelvärde för ångest gruppper och individer med svåra depressioner (MDD) rapporterades av Antony, Cox, Ennrs, och Swinson (1998) och Brown, Korotitsch, och Barber (1997).

I originalartikeln från 1995 (se referens nedan) står det “The DASS scales are in the public domain.” (på sidan 339 under note 2).

The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.

Svensk artikel på DASS-21 (Alfonsson, Wallin, Maathz, 2017):

The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is a widely used measurement for psychological symptoms and distress. Some previous studies have shown that the DASS-21 can accurately measure symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress, while other studies have indicated that the DASS-21 mainly measures overall distress. The factor structure of the DASS-21 is important and debated since if affects interpretations of findings. What does this paper add to existing knowledge?: In this study, the DASS-21 was translated into Swedish and evaluated in three diverse samples. The DASS-21 subscales of Depression and Anxiety correlated significantly with corresponding criteria instruments. The DASS-21 Stress subscale showed more diverse associations with psychological distress. The analyses supported a bifactor model of the DASS-21 with three specific factors of depression, anxiety and stress as well as a general distress factor. What are the implications for practice?: The results show that the DASS-21 may be used to measure unique symptoms of depression, anxiety and, with some caveat, stress as well as overall psychological distress. This study confirms that the DASS-21 is theoretically sound instrument that is feasible for both research and clinical practice. The DASS-21 can be an accessible tool for screening and evaluation in first-line mental health services. Abstract: Introduction There is a constant need for theoretically sound and valid self-report instruments for measuring psychological distress. Previous studies have shown that the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is theoretically sound, but there have been some inconsistent results regarding its factor structure. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate and elucidate the factor structure and convergent validity of the DASS-21. Methods A total of 624 participants recruited from student, primary care and psychotherapy populations. The factor structure of the DASS-21 was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses and the convergent validity by investigating its unique correlations with other psychiatric instruments. Results A bifactor structure with depression, anxiety, stress and a general factor provided the best fit indices for the DASS-21. The convergent validity was adequate for the Depression and Anxiety subscales but more ambiguous for the Stress subscale. Discussion The present study overall supports the validity and factor structure of the DASS-21. Implications for practice The DASS-21 can be used to measure symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as overall distress. It can be useful for mental health nurses, and other first-line psychiatric professionals, in need of a short, feasible and valid instrument in everyday care.

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress scales (DASS) with the becka depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343.

Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney: The Psychology Foundation of Australia.

Alfonsson, S., Wallin, E., & Maathz, P. (2017). Factor structure and validity of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 in Swedish translation. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 24(2-3), 154-162. doi:10.1111/jpm.12363

http://www.livskompass.se/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/DASS21-fragor-o-scoring.pdf

2020-12-12